Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Geology

Seismic Velocity Rocks

The seismic waves produced by the detonation of an explosive charge or any other system is transmitted through the earth in the form of vibrations or waves that travel at different speeds, these speeds are influenced by: the lithology, depth, porosity of the material, compaction, lithification, fluid content, among others. These speeds depend on the elastic modulus and density. These parameters are important for velocity analysis in the interpretation of seismic data. Below is a table speed of propagation of seismic waves, these speeds refer to longitudinal waves.

1. Deformation of rocks
Geothermal energy ¨ Plate tectonics ¨ Stress ¨ Deformation
1.1. Types of stress
„« Stress is a force applied over an area. It can be classified into:
„h Confining stress (stress is equal from all directions)
„h Differential stress (stress is not equal from all directions)
o Compressional stress, produced by opposite, convergent forces
o Tensional stress, produced by opposite, divergent forces
o Shear stress, produced by opposite, parallel forces

„« As the stress is applied on a rock it begins to deform or to strain. A strain
is a change in shape and / or volume of a rock. Three successive stages of
deformation (strain) can be differentiated:
„h Elastic deformation: its reversible. It disappears as the stress disappears.... Continue reading "Folds joints and faults " »

Deformation: Any changes in size, shape, orientation or position rock mass, is produced by stress which is the amount of force per unit area. Types of stress: Stress-Pressure-differential confinement (compressive, tensile, shear). Geological maps are described by their steering (angle between NM and a flat horizontal line) and dip (inclination angle of a plane).

Fold: rock volume in which are seen reference surfaces that have curvature sinusoid. Fold geometric elements, "Flank: are the two sides of a fold-hinge: line connecting points of maximum curvature-Plano axial surface that divides a fold symmetrically

Classification convacidad folds "Anticline: more modern strata surround the ancient strata folded up. "Syncline: the oldest layers surround... Continue reading "Folds, faults and joints" »

POSIDONIA AND CAULERPA

Ecotourism is a type of sustainable tourism that emphasizes conserving nature and improving the lives of local people in rural and wilderness areas. When we visit beautiful places it's natural to want our holidays to have a positive impact on local people and their environments. Responsible travel is about more authentic holiday experiences that enable you to get a little bit more out of your travels, and give a little bit more back to destinations and local people. All holidays have positive and negative impacts locally. Responsible travel maximises the benefits, and minimises the negative effects of tourism.

Costa Rica is a very popular spot for eco-tourism.  It combines low cost and easy accessibility with a stable government and a friendly

The larynx is situated at the upper extreme of the trachea (wind pipe),sheltered by a group of bones and cartilages that can be seen prominent as the“Adams’s apple''and has 2 basic functions:a biological one, preventing food orother objects from entering into the trachea and another one related to speech production, controlling the passing of the air.
-The pharynx is the cavity comprised between the larynx and the area at the back of the tongue. Its main function is to modulate the acoustic properties of the sounds after passing through the larynx.It is also responsible for what is commonly called the “quality” of the voice (deep or high), and can be enlarged or shortened in order to modify this quality
Areas phonology: articulatory is

FACTORS OF WEATHER

the action of water. Water is the main external agent acting on land